Results of studying the formation of landscape features of bottom sediments are shown in researches of scientists like V.A.Alabishev, R.S.Berg, V.G.Glushkov, M.D. Grodzinsky, and S.V.Kostrikov [4-5].
Water sediments play a significant role in the functioning of the aquatic ecosystems and the hydrochemical regime of water masses as a complex multi-structure system. They are involved in the substance and energy circulation in the water, and many benthos are the habitat for animal organisms. The correct sediment residues are used as fertilizers to increase soil fertility and increase agricultural production. The presence of organic matter in the soil increases the ability of plants to absorb nutrients. In the UK, the use of sediment residues for agricultural purposes is about 1.5%. Putting the bottom sediments into the field, it is possible to cover the needs of phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium in agriculture. The obtained organometallic fertilizers on the basis of water sediments should have some requirements: In the first place, there should be no chemicals, toxicity xenobiotics, heavy metals, pathogenicmicrobiots.
The object and method of research
The object of scientific research is water reservoirs of South region like the Koshkorgan, Ermakozen (Shashtobe) and Shert reservoirs, located in Turkestan area.
Works on identification of chemical and organic composition of water and bottom sediments in Koshkorgan, Ermakozen, Shert reservoirs were carried out in the Laboratory of Ecological Control and Chemical Analysis of Ecology. Methods of chemical analysis were used on the basis of State standard in scientific research. Detection of organic matter in the sediment was carried out in accordance with GOST 26213-91. In the determination of heavy metals, the T-Lab inversion wave formometric analyzer was used.
Results and discussion
The detected amounts of heavy metals found in bottom sediments and water, vegetation in the water reservoirs are shown below in the table №1
Experiment № |
The amount of heavy metals |
|||||
Zn |
||||||
Bottom sediment, coastal soil , мg/кg |
Plant, мg/кg |
Water, мg/l |
Bottom sediment, coastal soil , мg/кg |
Plant, мg/кg |
Water, мg/l |
|
Koshkorgan |
||||||
1 |
37,2±0,5 |
77,5±0,5 |
0,42±0,02 |
9,72±0,3 |
12,8±1,5 |
0,19±0,02 |
Ermakozen |
||||||
2 |
50,1±0,1 |
36,9±0,7 |
1,05±0,1 |
14,5±1,7 |
1,75±0,5 |
0,39±0,01 |
Shert |
||||||
3 |
27,1±1,1 |
28,6±1,1 |
1,14±0,4 |
9,9±1,2 |
- |
0,43±0,02 |
The study showed that bottom sediments of Ermakozen reservoir are heavily polluted by heavy metals. And the amount of zinc in the vegetable composition on the coast of the Koshkorgan reservoir is higher than that of other samples. The transboundary quantity is directly related to the amount of soil. The amount of zinc and lead contained in Shert water reservoir is 2.5 times higher than in that Koshkorgan reservoir. Compared with the total water content in the reservoirs, it can be assumed that the sulfate in the water is caused by the reaction of chloride ions into lead and insoluble compounds. The amount of sulfate contained in the Koshkorgan water reservoir was 132.8 mg / L, Yermakozen - 37.6 mg / L, Shert - 76.0 mg / l (Table 2).
Table 2 - Chemical composition of water reservoirs
Components description |
Water reservoirs |
||
Koshkorgan |
Ermakozen |
Shert |
|
Dry esidue,mg/l |
525,0±0,1 |
198,0±0,2 |
379,0±0,1 |
Sulfate, mg/l |
132,8±0,5 |
37,6±0,01 |
76,0±0,03 |
Solidity, mol/l |
12,0±0,2 |
5,0±0,1 |
6,0±0,5 |
Nitrate, mg/l |
1,8±0,2 |
1,4±0,1 |
0,9±0,02 |
Chloride, mg/l |
28,4±0,1 |
21,3±0,2 |
24,8±0,4 |
Hydrocarbonate, mmol / l |
4,0±0,05 |
3,0±0,03 |
3,0±0,01 |
Nitrite, mg / l |
0,0395±0,002 |
0,066±0,003 |
0,069±0,001 |
Ammonium, mg / l |
6,8±0,2 |
8,9±0,5 |
14,0±0,4 |
рН |
6,7-7,3 |
6,8-7,1 |
6,9-7,2 |
Depending on the amount of zinc and lead in the water, water reservoirs can be placed in the following line: Shert>Ermakozen>Koshkorgan. Comparing this information and the total water content, the low content of zinc and lead in the Koshkorgan can be explained by the high amount of humus (see Table 3), as well as the formation of insoluble or weakly soluble salts. Because humus compounds form humus, which is not soluble by heavy metals, the bottom is reduced.There are algae on the surface of Ermakozen and Shert reservoirs, and on the surface of the Koshkorgan water reservoir there are no algae.Heavy metals found in Shert and Ermakozen’s algae, and the amount is not low than in threshold concentration.
Table 3 - Humus content of bottom sediments in the water reservoirs, %
№ |
Bottom sediment extracted from water reservoirs |
Humus, % |
1 |
Koshkorgan,0-10 сm |
1,39 |
2 |
Koshkorgan, 10-30 сm |
0,61 |
3 |
Ermakozen, 0-10 сm |
0,21 |
4 |
Ermakozen, 10-30 сm |
0,01 |
5 |
Shert,0-20 сm |
2,21 |
Conclusion
Fertilizer properties of bottom sediments are used as fertilizers for water tinctures and it is estimated according to the state standard to GOST R 17.4.3.07-2001. The quantities of detected zinc and lead metals in the bottom sediments of water reservoirs are at the level of the standard requirements. In this regard, bottom sediments can be used directly as fertilizers.
Literature
Yagodin B.A., Zhukov U.P., Kobzorenko V.I. .Agrochemistry М.; Мir, 2003. 584 p.
Mineyev V.G. Agrochemistry. – M.: Izd-vo MGU, KolosC, 2004. 720 p.
Marchenko N.M, Shebalkin A.E., Voropaev V.V., and others. Technology and technical means for applying organic fertilizers – M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1991.-190p.
Zotov N.I., Suslov S.R. On the use of sewage sludge in agriculture, Donbas National Academy of Engineering and Architecture. Issue - 2010 № - 3 (83).
Drozd G.Y., Zotov N.I., Maslak V.N. Technical and ecological notes on the problem of utilization of urban and industrial sewage sludge. - Donetsk IEP of NAS of Ukraine, 2001. - 340 p.