IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

The Kremlin is a fortress in Nizhny Novgorod, its historical center, the «stone necklace» of the ancient city. It was founded in 1221 by the great duke Vladimirsky Jury (George) II Vsevolodovich (1188 – 1238). The Kremlin served to protect the citizens from the enemy`s raids.

The Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is the most picturesque place of the city. It is located on different height levels of the hill and one can spend the entire day with the city promenades in no hurry. It`s hard to imagine that Nizhny Novgorod used to be nothing more than its fortress wall. It was burnt to ashes several times but then restored from the nothing. The Kremlin that we can admire today was erected in the early 16^th century by Pietro Francesco, an Italian architect (nicknamed Pyotr Fryazin).He is also known to have built a number of structures in Moscow. To build a stone walled Kremlin took more than a decade. The construction began with Dmitrievskaya tower. The tower had a bridge connection with a fortified fire point set up over the moat. Now it houses a branch of Museum of Art and History of Nizhny Novgorod. There are 13 towers in the Kremlin. The Dmitrievskaya, Pantry, Nickolskaya, Yoke, Secret, Northern, Clock Tower, Ivanovskaya, White, Zachtskaya, Borisoglebskaya, George Tower, Gunpowder Tower. Five of them are rectangular and eight round in shape. Many tourists like taking a walk along the Kremlin wall. The exhibition on the history of the 1612 Territorial Army march against the Polish and Lithuanian invaders is in the Ivanovskaya tower. There you can also see the temple of John the Baptist where Kozma Minin addressed the townspeople with the call to start a military campaign. The great merit of the Kremlin is that it preserved the medieval sternness of its towers and walls and some classical features of the structures of the 19^th century [1;2].

The Archangel cathedral was erected in 1613 by Lavrentiy Vozoulin and his stepson Antipa. The grand duke`s cathedral previously stood there (1359) which in its turn replaced the wooden church built in 1227. In 1962 the remains of K.Minin were buried there. The appearance of the temple resembles the wooden churches of the Russian North. Obelisk to Minin and Pozharsky was placed in 1828. The public financed its construction; the funds were raised through subscription. The granite slabs of the monument were brought here from Karelia. At a shot distance one can see the Eternal Flame (1941-1945). Here you can often encounter just married couples who lay flowers to the monument.

In the late XVIII century the Kremlin was essentially rebuilt. Older constructions were demolished and a plaza was laid out by the Archangel cathedral. On the one side of the plaza the Presence Seat were allocated (1782-1785, architect Y. Ananyin). The portico columns and the attic emphasize the classical style of the building.

Vice-governor’s palace (1788) repeats the architectural style of the Present Seats. According to the architect`s thought it was to become a part of a vast ensemble.

The House of Sovets (1929-1931), architect A. Grindberg always attract s visitors` attention. It is one of the best samples of the constructionist architecture in Nizhny Novgorod. The house is remarkable for a protruding semi-cylinder with a belt glazing. It was nicknamed as “Plane”, due to the similarity to a plane if we look at it from above [3;4 ].

In the Governor’s Palace (1835-1941) located near by now there is the Art Museum, where you can see unique paintings of the famous masters. Many canvases tour a lot. It also possesses a rich collection of icons and paintings by «the Peredvizhniks» as well as an impressive compilation of the Russian avant-garde paintings. The Kremlin promenades provide the tireless admiration of the way the epochs are mingled. So, the objects of the cultural and historical heritage must be preserved and promoted.

Bibliography:

1. Moskaeva A.S., Kocheva E.A., Smirnova E.V. The main design features of the temples. European Journal of Natural History. 2016. № 3. 103-105pp.

2. Smirnova E.V. Peculiarities of training the students of non-linguistic university degree «guide-interpreter» in the system of lifelong education. Privolzhsky scientific journal.2014, № 4. pp.310-314.

3. Smirnova E.V. Specific of the guide-interpreter’s job. 17 International Scientific and Industrial Forum, NNGASU 2015, 329-332pp.

4. Smirnova E.V., Tynnikova A.N. Spiritual and moral education by the means of local lore on the foreign language. Problems of the modern science and education. 2015. № 5 (35). pp. 93-96.

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