IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

History of the city

Rostov the Great Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, once circling their possessions, met at the confluence of two rivers Volga and Kotorosl unknown tribe. Aborigines met the prince hostile and incited him a huge bear. But the prince was not afraid and killed ferocious beast sharp ax. After that, the locals surrendered Yaroslav. Prince decided to establish in this location city. To walk along the Volga ships with goods that people are engaged in various crafts and trades. And the city was named after its founder - Yaroslavl. This happened in 1010.Yaroslavl - a city in Russia, the administrative center of Yaroslavl and Yaroslavl region, urban district. Population - 591,374 people (estimated at 1 January 2011). Yaroslavl - the third largest populated city of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation. The city is a transportation hub, from which diverge railway lines and roads in the direction of Moscow, Vologda, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Kirov. In Yaroslavl act as a river port and airport. The city area is 205 km ². Administrative city is divided into six districts: Dzerzhinsky Zavolzhsky, Kirov, Krasnoperekopsk, Lenin and Frunze.

Yaroslavl - one of the oldest Russian cities, based within the XI century and reached its peak in the XVII century, in 2010, the city celebrated its millennium. City Day in Yaroslavl usually celebrated on the last Saturday in May (in 2010, in connection with the celebration of the millennium of the city was carried out from 10 to 12 September). The historic center of the city, situated at the confluence of the Volga and Kotorosl, is a World Heritage Site. Yaroslavl is traditionally considered one of the main objects of the Golden Ring of Russia. The city is located in a zone of moderate continental climate; moderating influence of the Atlantic Ocean is large. The sum of the growing season temperatures (above +10 ° C) - 1892 ° C. The number of days with temperatures below zero - 150 days. Annual rainfall - 590 mm. Total precipitation of the cold period - 175 mm. Total precipitation of the warm period - 427 mm. Winter in Yaroslavl moderately cold, moderate snow, lasting more than five months. The average January temperature is -11 ° C, in some winter frosts can reach -40 ° C, -46 ° C, but it does happen and thaw, so, in 1932, in the month of January marked the longest thaw the entire observation period (17 days). Snow depth - 35-50 cm, in some winters it reaches 70 cm, sometimes barely more than 20 cm snow cover is in the second half of November and lasts for 140 days. The winds of the southern and western areas. Average wind speed - 4.2 m / s, high winds, more than 8 m / s, and snowstorms are observed mainly in December - the month of January to 8-10 days.

Spring is characterized by low rainfall. The average temperature in April in Yaroslavl, about +4 ° C. Snow cover occurs in the first half of April. Precipitation in April are small - about 40 mm more precipitation starts in May, when they fall 50-60 mm. In May of the year marked the lowest relative humidity - 70%.Summers are moderately warm and humid, with the highest amount of rainfall in a year - up to 80 mm per month. The average July temperature is +18 ° C, in some hot days, the maximum daytime temperature reached +37 ° C. In July, most precipitation falls in the year - 80-90 mm per month. Mainly rain showers, with thunderstorms often (in June - July, and 6-8 days with a thunderstorm). The prevailing winds are west and north. Average speed of 2.5-3.5 m / s. Autumn is characterized by a sharp increase in the overcast sky - up to 18 days per month and increase the relative humidity to 85%. The average temperature in October in Yaroslavl +3 ° C. Rainfall is reduced, but the nature of their changes - are heavy rains and mists arise.

Geographical position and climate

Yaroslavl is located in the central part of the East European Plain (more precisely, at the Yaroslavl-Kostroma lowlands) on both banks of the Volga River at the confluence of the river Kotorosl; 282 kilometers north-east of Moscow. The city covers an area of 205.37 square kilometers. The average height of the city center - 100 m above sea level.

The city of Yaroslavl, as well as the rest of Yaroslavl region, is in the time zone designated by the international standard as the Moscow Time Zone (MSK / MSD). Offset relative to Coordinated Universal Time is UTC + 3: 00 (MSD).

The main rivers are the Volga in Yaroslavl (Gorky reservoir) and its right tributary Kotorosl, which raised the level of overpressure of the Nizhny Novgorod hydroelectric power station. In these runs several rivers and streams, the most significant of them - River Nora. Closer to the mouth is in line Kotorosli several islands. The right bank of the Volga high, steep, left - Plain.

The city is located in the zone of moderate continental climate. The number of days with temperatures below freezing - 150 days. The annual rainfall - 590 mm. The amount of precipitation of the cold period - 175 mm. The amount of rainfall warm period - 427 mm.

Winter Yaroslavl moderately cold, moderately snowy, lasting more than five months. The average January temperature is -11 ° C, in some winter frosts reach -40 ° C, -46 ° C, but it does happen and thaw, so in 1932, in January marked the longest thaw for the entire observation period (17 days). Snow depth - 35-50 cm, in some winters it reaches 70 cm, sometimes barely exceeds 20 cm. The snow cover is established in the second half of November and lasts for 140 days. The predominant winds are south and west directions. Average wind speed - 4.2 m / s, strong winds, more than 8 m / s, and blizzards are observed mainly in December - January. Spring is characterized by low rainfall. The average temperature in April in Yaroslavl, about +4 ° C. Snow cover occur in the first half of April. Precipitation in April small - about 40 mm, an increase in precipitation begins in May, when they fall to 50-60 mm. In May, the year marked the lowest relative humidity - 70%.Summer is moderately warm, humid, with most rain in a year - up to 80 mm per month. The average July temperature is +18 ° C, in some hot days, the maximum temperature during the day reached +37 ° C. In July, the largest amount of precipitation falls in the year - 80-90 mm per month. Rains mostly rain, often with thunderstorms. The predominant winds are the western and northern areas. The average speed of 2.5-3.5 m / s. Autumn is characterized by a sharp increase in the cloudy sky - up to 18 days per month and increase the relative humidity to 85%. The average temperature in October in Yaroslavl +3 ° C. Rainfall decreases, but the nature of their changes - are heavy rains and fogs occur.

Authorities

The history of local government in Yaroslavl over 200 years old: the first City Council was established as part of Catherine's reforms policeman in 1785.The representative body of the local government of the city of Yaroslavl is a municipality consisting of 38 deputies. In the elections held in October 2012, he was elected as the sixth convocation of the municipality; in the municipality of the fifth convocation of the "United Russia" was presented by 33 deputies of 36. The municipality is headed by a chairman (as of June 2015 - Paul Zarubin), it includes the five permanent working commissions. The highest official of the city is the mayor, the head of the mayor's office and is elected by universal suffrage for a term of five years. From 1991 to 2012 he held the post Viktor Volonchunas, April 11, 2012 - Eugene R. Urlashov, won the second round of elections 69.65% of votes in the activity of 45.45% (temporarily suspended from the post of Court on 18 July 2013, is under arrest). On June 3, 2015 as mayor by Aleksey Malyutin. The mayor has five deputies. In December 2014 the Yaroslavl Regional Duma, despite the protests and contrary to public opinion polls, decided to abolish the direct election of the mayor of the city.

Administrative division

In accordance with the charter of the city of Yaroslavl is endowed with the status of urban district. Yaroslavl is divided into six territorial districts, whose boundaries coincide with the urban districts: Dzerzhinsky, Zavolzhsky, Kirov, Krasnoperekopsky, Lenin and Frunze. Management within each of the areas of territorial administration is carried out, which is led by the head of administration. On the territory of Yaroslavl are 56 tips territorial self-government. Dzerzhinsky district is located in the northern part of the city on the right bank of the Volga River. The region is 43 km². Population - 167 225 chel. Zavolzhsky beyond the river area is located in the city on the left bank of the Volga. The region is 64.4 square kilometers (the largest on the territory of Yaroslavl region). Population - 119 850 people. Kirovsky District, one of the oldest areas of the city (founded in 1936) is located in the center of Yaroslavl. There is a large part of the cultural monuments of Yaroslavl and the authorities of the city and the region. The region is 14.07 km². Population - 55,906 people. Krasnoperekopsky area - located in the southwestern part of Yaroslavl, on the right bank of the Kotorosl historically industrial district of the city. The region is 36.4 square kilometers. Population - 67,580 people. Leninsky district is located in the central part of the city, north of the Kirov. The region is 10.15 square kilometers (the smallest in the area of ​​area of ​​the city). Population - 62,494 people. Frunze district lies in the southern part of the city on the right bank of the Volga. The region is 36.4 square kilometers. Population - 130 906 people.

Economy

The number of employed in the economy of Yaroslavl in 2009 averaged 340.6 thousand. people. The number of officially registered unemployed as of 01.01.2010 - 10.4 thousand. People, the registered unemployment rate - 2.7%. The average monthly nominal wage in 2008 amounted to 15.6 thousand. rub.

Industry

Yaroslavl - a major industrial center. Machine-building industry is represented by such enterprises as an engine plant, electric locomotive factory, car repair plant, electric machine building plant, shipyard, and more. A significant development was the oil refining and chemical industries. In Yaroslavl in 1932 it launched the world's first synthetic rubber plant (now redeveloped in SRI). Now the city has a refinery OJSC "Slavneft-Yaroslavnefteorgsintez" tire factory, paint factory "Russian Paints' carbon black plant, pharmaceutical factory. Also operates a number of light and food industries, tobacco, furniture factories. In the 2000s, the construction of a number of modern enterprises with foreign investments. In particular, on the free area next to the city to build a large plant for the assembly of highway engineering Japanese company Komatsu, September 11, 2012 we completed the construction of a pharmaceutical factory Swiss Nycomed's and others.

Culture

Yaroslavl is a research center, primarily focused on applied research: it employs a number of research and design institutes. A serious scientific activity is conducted in educational institutions; in particular, contribute to the development of science made by Yaroslavl State University. Demidov, Yaroslavl State Technical University, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University, Yaroslavl State Medical Academy.

In Yaroslavl, represented the whole chain of education: pre-school, general secondary. The city has the following state institutions: Yaroslavl State University named after PG Demidov Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after KDUshinskogo, Yaroslavl State Technical University, Yaroslavl State Medical Academy, Yaroslavl State Agricultural Academy, Yaroslavl State Theatre Institute, Yaroslavl Higher School of anti-aircraft missile defense. Among the non-state higher educational institutions - the International Academy of Business and New Technologies, as well as several branches of Moscow universities. In addition to the above, in the city of Yaroslavl Theological Seminary works.

The city has received considerable notoriety as the birthplace of the oldest national theater - Russian Academic Drama Theatre. F. Volkov. His birth house, founded in 1750, obliged the actor and director Fyodor Volkov. Also in Yaroslavl Yaroslavl State are Puppet Theatre, Yaroslavl State Theatre of Young Spectator, Yaroslavl Chamber Theatre, Theatre-Studio "Wanderer", a series of amateur theater groups. Effective Yaroslavl State Philharmonic. The city operates a circus, a planetarium, a number of children's art schools, a number of houses and palaces of culture, cinema chain. On the territory of the regional center, there are several amusement parks, entertainment island "Sino-Soviet" and others. In 2008 was opened and actively develops the zoo. Effective Yaroslavl Oblast Universal Scientific Library.

Stone construction was carried out in the city and Rubleny Holy Transfiguration Monastery still in the pre-Mongol era; the only reminder of this today are peeled plaster fragments of masonry in the pre-Mongol apsidnoy of the Church of Yaroslavl Miracle-Workers. Construction work resumed with the addition of the city to the Moscow State in the reign of Ivan III. This three-headed cathedral dates back to the time of Holy Transfiguration Monastery with a unique ensemble of Ivan the Terrible's time and in the harsh medieval monastery refectory.

In the XVII century Yaroslavl architecture to an even greater extent than other cities of the Upper Volga region, maintains and develops the archaic features of traditional church architecture. Before the revolution, Yaroslavl temples famous for their interiors - the wealth of church utensils, carved gilded iconostasis of the Petrine era, the selection of rare ancient icons and bells. Several generations of Yaroslavl painters, inspirational stories "Face the Bible" Piscator, covered the interior walls of the Yaroslavl churches decorative stripes vibrant fresco painting with vivid colors and narrative slant. Almost every parish had a free-standing bell tower, tent or bunk; their tops gave the city a unique "gear" silhouette. In addition to religious architecture, the "golden age" of Yaroslavl left a strong monastic walls, several massive towers, monuments of civil architecture - such as the Metropolitan Chamber. The monuments of this era desire for fidelity to the precepts of the Orthodox ancestors combined with the development of borrowing from the capital of Western Europe and even Central Asia. The works of architecture of the XVII century Yaroslavl became the swan song of ancient architecture and served as a major source of pseudo-Russian style 2nd half of the XIX century. The aesthetics of the baroque city gets its manifestations, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Ukrainian, Rastrelli. The construction industry.

Ordinary urban canyons formed after the redevelopment of the city center during the reign of Catherine II. Temples earlier period serve her dominating structure, which closed the main street. Among the gems of the provincial classicism are as diverse as intended construction and facilities as government offices, hotel courtyard, semyonovsky bridge, gazebo Nekrasov, Demidov pillar. Many of the buildings of the Classical period was designed by local architect PY Pankov. The second half of the XIX and early XX centuries left in the city a number of buildings that were built in the pseudo-Russian style, in the spirit of neo-classicism.

Sports

Yaroslavl - a city with a long sporting tradition is actively developing professional sports. In particular, the team "Locomotive", a three-time champion of Russia (1997, 2002, 2003), is a city in the Continental Hockey League. In the first division championship of Russia on football serves the city's football team, "Shinnik". The Superleague Russian Volleyball Super League team of the city is represented by "Yaroslavich". In 2013, the city established the first American football team «Rebels» («Rebels"), taking part in the Championship of Russia. Serious development of mass sport received, since 2006, implemented the city target program for the development of physical culture and sports. Among the sports facilities operating in the city - stadium "Shinnik", cultural and sports complex "Arena 2000" stadium "Slavneft", sports complex "Atlant", the stadium "Spartak" swimming pools, athletics arena. It operates a variety of youth sports schools, sports clubs, as well as many sports clubs in the educational institutions. The city in 2003 went the next World Cup Ice Hockey Championships.

Famous people

Yaroslavl - the birthplace of a number of famous people, among them - indologist Gerasim Lebedev, poetess Karolina Pavlova, mathematician Aleksandr Lyapunov, chemist Nicholas marshmallows, opera singer Leonid Sobinov designer arms Boris Shavyrin, creator of the Taganka Theater Yuri Lyubimov, music critic Artemy Troitsky, the Olympic champion Maxim Tarasov. At various times in Yaroslavl they lived and worked, "the architect of perestroika" Alexander Yakovlev; Actors: Fyodor Volkov, Ivan Dmitrievsky, Lyubov Orlova; writers Konstantin Balmont, Maxim Bogdanovich; historian Mikhail Vladimirsky-Budanov; mathematician Andrei Kolmogorov; the founder of scientific pedagogy Constantine Ushinsky; Leonid Sabaneyev popularizer of hunting; composer Sergei Lyapunov; artists: Fedor Zubov Dmitry Plekhanov; architect and restorer Pyotr Baranovsky; Photographer JF Barschevsky; the world's first woman cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova; military: Andrei Kurbsky Paul Baht; Church leaders Tikhon (Bellavin) and Archpriest Boris Stark.

References

1. http://www.veter-stranstvii.ru/jarosl-krai/jaroslavl/istotija-jaroslavlja.html

2. http://yarcube.ru/news/culture/

3. http://nesiditsa.ru/city/yaroslavl

1. http://www.7ya.ru/article/Dostoprimechatelnosti-Yaroslavlya/

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