IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Nizhny Novgorod was founded by Prince Yuri (George) Vsevolodovich in 1221 as a base defense from Russian borders Mordovians, Cheremisses and Tatars. According to one version the city was called "lower" because it was located in the "Nizovskaya" lands with respect to Novgorod the Great. On the other hand, its location was relatively preexisting three miles up the Eye of the "old town", the mention of which lasted until the early 17th century.

After the Tatar yoke Nizhny Novgorod strengthened and is becoming a major political and economic center of the North-Eastern Russia, while remaining the spiritual stronghold of Orthodoxy in the Volga region. At that time, he often served as an object of conflict in the division of spheres of influence between gaining strength Moscow and Tver.

At the beginning of the XVI century begins the construction of the stone Kremlin in the city under the guidance of architect Peter Fryazin. The Kremlin has received thirteen towers in the general perimeter of the castle walls (Dmitrievskaya, Powder, St. George, Borisoglebsk, Conception (both half-ruined), White, Clock, Ivanovo, North, Tainitzky, rocker, St. Nicholas, pantry) and the fourteenth - the branch strelnitsa connected to Dmitrievsky gate thrown over a 30-meter pit stone arch bridge (now this part is not preserved).

With the capture of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible (in 1552), and then Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod became the center through which all trade was with the East of the Russian state.

During the Time of Troubles, Nizhny Novgorod was one of the places where he began the liberation movement Kozma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky. City Militia played a major role in the liberation of Moscow from the Poles.

After the "Time of Troubles" Volga Nizhny Novgorod received in relatively peaceful conditions of life the ability to quickly develop agriculture, industry, trade and culture in these places develops one of the largest fairs Russia- Makarevskaya.

This city was visited by Peter I during the Persian campaign and celebrated here his birthday May 30, 1722.

In 1714 the city acquired the status of the province, which contributed to the development of culture, economy and production. A self-taught mechanic IP lived here Kulibin mathematician NI Lobachevsky, a renowned scholar of Damascus, a prominent educator II Kuzhelev historian N. Ilyinsky, the writer-traveler V. Baranschikov and many others.

After the revolution in the beginning of XX-th century, the city would be renamed Gorky in honor of the proletarian writer AM Gorky. It was built by GAZ, which makes cars GAZ.

In the 90 th year of the last century, the city regained its original name.

Industry

Industrial potential of the city is presented with more than one thousand of large, mid, and small scale companies within manufacturing activities that work in the following fields:

machine, vehicle, and equipment manufacture,

electro- and electronic equipment manufacture,

ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy,

finished metal fabrics,

mineral oil and other nonmetallic mineral commodities manufacture,

textile and ready-made garments manufacture,

shoe making,

food making,

wood, rubber, and plastic products manufacture,

publishing and polygraphic activities,

power, gas, and water generation and distributing.

Vehicle and equipment manufacture with mostly motor-car construction takes a leading stand (approximately 60%).

Cultural Life of the City. Theatres. Museums. Music.

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the biggest historic, cultural and scientific centers of Russia. There are more than 600 unique historic, architectural and cultural monuments in the city. There are about 200 culture and art institutions of regional and municipal subordination in Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are 10 theatres, 5 concert halls, 97 libraries (with branches), 14 cinemas (among them - 3 cinemas for children), 25 institutions of children optional education, 8 museums (with branches - 16), 7 parks, 4 specialized secondary educational institutions (Nizhny Novgorod Balakirev musical school of have been functioning for 130 years, Nizhny Novgorod choral singing school – opened on the basis of the boys choir in 1946, Nizhny Novgorod drama school – established at the close of XIX century, Nizhny Novgorod artistic school – opened 80 years ago), Nizhny Novgorod Glinka state concervatory – inaugurated in 1946, Nizhny Novgorod Academic Philharmonic society – year of 1937, 18 club-houses, children’s health-improving camp “Zelyony Gorod”. International Sakharov arts festival, All-Russian Pushkin opera and ballet festival “Boldino Autumn”, International festival of charitable program “New Names”, International festival of ensembles playing age-old music “High Renaissance”, Russian festival of theatrical skits “Merry Goat”, Drama festival “Golden Mask” and a great number of exhibitions and contests for children are traditionally held in the city and give rise to deep resonance in the sphere of professional art. One of the biggest concert organizations in Russia is Nizhny Novgorod state academic philharmonic society (905 places) established in 1937. 10 festivals called “Modern Music”, the 1st world festival dedicated to Shnitke’s works, 7 International Sakharov arts festivals were held by this philharmonic society. In 2001 the latter was acknowledged the best provincial philharmonic society in Russia in contest “Window to Russia”. Municipal groups – chamber choir “Nizhny Novgorod”, soloists ensemble “Sofia”, folk song ensemble “Ljubava”, rhythm-and-plastic company “Preobrazhenije” – performed 60 new concert programs and over 400 concerts during the last 3 years. Nizhny Novgorod district orchestra and Nizhny Novgorod Russian folk orchestra work with success as well. Nizhny Novgorod Glinka state conservatory (inaugurated in 1946) is one of the most authoritative art and cultural centers in Russia. It is famous for its existing musical traditions and educational methods. The teaching stuff of the conservatory comes to 161 people. The conservatory graduates comprise the basis of all professional musical groups of Nizhny Novgorod and Nizhegorodsky region as well as of the teaching stuff of special educational institutions. Museums play a great role in preservation of historic and cultural heritage of the city. Nizhny Novgorod state historical and architectural reserve-museum was established in 1958. There are 277 thousands of units of issue in its basic reserves. Annually 90 thousand people visit this museum. As for municipal museums - Gorky museum, Dobroljubov literary and memorial museum, Sakharov museum - their visitors are 300 thousand people in number. During the last year 4800 excursions and 610 actions (exhibitions, presentations, meetings) were held in these museums.

Education. Science. Universities. Schools.

Currently, the city has 189 general education institutions [178]. Among them, 132 secondary schools, 18 high schools and high schools, 1 cadet school [178]. The number of students is 105 thousand. [178] In 2009, the All-Russian Olympiads number of the winners of 19 students from Nizhny Novgorod, just as in the Nizhny Novgorod Region 33 students [178].

In the city there are dozens of technical schools, colleges and schools [179]. They include: Automotive, motor transport, construction, commercial technical schools, colleges and medical schools, Teachers College, River College, music, theater, art schools and others.

In Nizhny Novgorod, there are 6 universities, 4 Academy, a conservatory and a 5 institutions. In total there are more than 50 higher education institutions and branches.

Transport in the city

Moscow railway station is the main hub of the Nizhny Novgorod Region. A lot of passenger trains to Moscow, Urals, Siberia, Mongolia, Belarus and China go through Nizhny Novgorod. Here you may take any means of public transport to reach different parts of the city.

International airport Strigino-Nizhny Novgorod is one of the oldest in the country. Today it serves international and domestic flights.

The easiest way to get to the airport by public transport is from underground station «Park of Culture» with buses №11 and 20 and minibuses №46 and 29. From Moscow railway station you may take the bus №20. But it doesn’t have a precise schedule because of the traffic jams.

Nizhny Novgorod funicular is a new transport to cross the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to the city of Bor. It helps to transport passengers along with a river taxi, buses and electric trains. It includes 28 cabins for 8 persons. This way of transportation was opened in February 2012. Nizhny Novgorod funicular is the longest and highest in Europe.

References

1. http://www.nizhnynovgorod.com/business/industry/

2. http://www.orgpage.ru/nizhniy-novgorod/beauty-industry-936838.html

3. http://www.nizhnyfoto.ru/info.php

4. https://www.admgor.nnov.ru/

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