VIII Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2016

Conten

Introduction 3

1. History of Krakow 4

2. Resistance in the krakow ghetto 6

3. Liberation of Krakow in 1945 7

Conclusion 9

Literature 10

Introduction

Krakow is one of the most beautiful cities. He is known for its architecture and monuments. Else Krakow is known for its history. I think that we should pay attention to this interesting topic. In this paper, I planted the release of Krakow from the Nazi army.

With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings.

Developed over many centuries, Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic styles of architecture. As the city expanded, so too did the architectural achievements of its builders. It is for this reason that the variations in style and urban planning are so easily recognisable.

Else Kraków's historic centre, which includes the Old Town , Kazimierz and the Wawel Castle , was included as the first of its kind on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1978.

There are about 40 parks in Kraków including dozens of gardens and forests. Several are located in the centre of the city.

Now Krakow - a very beautiful city. And before the release there were happening horrible things. The war, of course, made her change and left a mark on the city. But many terrible events have been avoided. So I want to talk a little bit about it.

1. History of Krakow

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the Vistula River, in a valley at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains , 219 m above sea level.

The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from Krakus (Krak, Grakch), the founder of Kraków. Else Krakus's name may derive from word "krak" meaning an oak , once a sacred tree most often associated with the concept of genealogy .

A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler Krakus , who built it above a cave occupied by a dragon , Smok Wawelski .

Krakow Flag consists of two equal strips, painted in the official colors of the city. The official city colors are white and blue. White - one of the armorial colors of Poland and blue - a symbol of the Vistula River, which flows through the city.

Krakow Coat - Spanish shield in the city's official colors depicts a red castle, and at the gates of the white eagle.

Print Krakow is a circle with a prisoner in his coat of arms and the official name of the city - Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków.

Initially, the conditions of use of symbols is no regulated, but the city government 167/2004 on 6 February 2004 strictly delimiting the sphere of the use of symbols. The flag may be flown on all buildings of any citizen, at the time, as the coat of arms can be published only on the documents Krakow controls.

Krakow was the capital of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland from 1038 to 1569 and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1569 to 1596; [ 3 ] the Free City of Kraków from 1815 to 1846 and the Grand Duchy of Cracow from 1846 to 1918 and and Kraków Voivodeship from the 14th century to 1998. It has been the capital of Lesser Poland Voivodeship since 1999.

Krakow is the second largest and one of the oldest cities in Poland . Kraków has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, cultural, and artistic life and is one of Poland's most important economic hubs.

After the invasion of Poland at the start of World War II , Kraków became the capital of Germany's General Government . The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the Kraków Ghetto , from which they were sent to German extermination camps such as the nearby Auschwitz never to return, and the Nazi concentration camps like Płaszów.[5]

1. Resistance in the krakow ghetto

Ghetto is a residential area on controlled by German Nazis and their allies territories where Jews forcibly relocated in order to isolate them from the non-Jewish population.

A Jewish resistance movement existed in the Krakow ghetto from the time the ghetto was established in 1941. Its leaders focused underground operations initially on supporting education and welfare organizations. In anticipation of the deportation operations that the SS carried out at the end of October 1942, some leaders in the more radical wing of the underground, two existing resistance groups, the Zionist-oriented Bnei Akiva, led by Laban Leibowicz, Shimon Draenger, and Dolek Liebeskind, and the Socialist Ha-Shomer ha-Za'ir group, led by Heshek Bauminger and Benjamin Halbrajch, merged into one organization, the Jewish Fighting Organization (Zydowska Organizacja Bojowa; ZOB). Independent of the ZOB in Warsaw, this merged group prepared to fight the Germans.

Ultimately the ZOB decided not to fight within the limited confines of the ghetto, but instead to use the ghetto as a base from which to attack targets throughout the city of Krakow. The most important ZOB attack took place in cooperation with Communist partisans on December 23, 1942, at the Cyganeria cafe, in the center of Krakow, which was frequented by German officers. The ZOB killed 12 Germans in this attack.

Krakow ghetto fighters also attempted to join partisan groups active in the Krakow region. In successive skirmishes with the Germans, the Jewish underground fighters suffered heavy losses. In the fall of 1944 the remnants of the resistance escaped from Poland, crossing into neighboring Slovakia and then into Hungary, where they joined with Jewish resistance groups in Budapest.[6]

1. Liberation of Krakow in 1945

The Nazi German forces entered Kraków on September 6, 1939. The residents of the city were saved from German attack by the courageous Mayor Stanisław Klimecki who went to meet the invading Wehrmacht troops.

Many relics and monuments of national culture were looted and destroyed.

Soviet troops and part of the Polish Army liberated from Nazi invaders fourth part of the territory of Poland. A major role in the operation played aviation. During the period from 12 January to 3 February Air Army made 25,400 sorties, conducted 214 air battles. The enemy lost 209 aircraft. In adverse weather conditions, Soviet aviators demonstrated combat skills.

During the war the city was for the Germans, not only the capital of the governor-general, but also to the future "Eastern Nuremberg." Despite the fact that the 60,000 Krakow Jews and several thousand Poles, the city survived the occupation without significant losses they have been destroyed. Moreover, the Germans took care of the development of local infrastructure.

After the liberation of Warsaw, January 17, 1945 the first stage of the Vistula-Oder offensive of the Soviet troops. Zvtem Ukrainian Front was to go on the offensive in the south-west of the country. The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front moved to the northwest. By January 19 divisions both fronts come to Krakow.

Krakow was occupied by the Germans in 1939 and became the capital of the German governor-general in occupied Poland. Two concentration camp operated near city: Plaszow and Auschwitz. he Jewish population was first ghettoized, and later murdered. Specific events surrounding the Jewish ghetto in Kraków and the nearby concentration camps were famously portrayed in the film Schindler's List , itself based on a book by Thomas Keneally entitled Schindler's Ark . [ 5 ]

During the occupation of Krakow is practically not affected. During the retreat of the Germans wanted to blow up the city, but it prevented the Soviet troops.

Polish city of Krakow has survived thanks to the Marshal of the Soviet Union Ivan Konev. But the descendants of the inhabitants saved them from the destruction of the city to dismantle the monument built to him. Liars try to deny the contribution of Konev, banning the use of heavy artillery in the assault, in the salvation of the city.

Alexey Botya is another person's name, under whose command the Soviet troops blew up the German explosives storage, and along with it some 400 Nazis, saved Krakow.

Also January 10, 1945 Botya squad intercepted the car of Hitler's staff officers. In the portfolio of one of the officers of the document on mining cultural monuments of Krakow was discovered, dams and bridges. The city was supposed to explode and sink as to cause maximum damage that the Soviet troops advancing.

Within a matter of days the forces involved had advanced hundreds of kilometers, taking much of Poland and striking deep within the borders of the Reich. The offensive broke Army Group A, and much of Germany's remaining capacity for military resistance.[4]

Krakow is regarded by many to be the cultural capital of Poland. In 1978, UNESCO placed Kraków on the list of World Heritage Sites. Kraków's population has quadrupled since the end of World War II in 21st century. After the collapse of the Soviet empire and the subsequent joining of the European Union , Offshoring of IT work from other nations has become important to the economy of Kraków and Poland in general in recent years. This city is the key center for this kind of business activity.

Conclusion

There are many opinions on the account of the outcome of the maneuver and the liberation of Krakow. I believe that it is thanks to the Soviet army was saved by the city and most of the monuments.

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the Lesser Poland (Małopolska) region.

Now the metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past.

Literature

1. Properties inscribed on the World Heritage list, Poland. Cracow's Historic Centre. Date of Inscription: 1978. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2013.

2. Sokolov I.A. «The liberation of western Poland», M.: «History», 2012.

3. "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: "1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw" . Archived from the original on 12 March 2009 . Retrieved 12 May 2007.

4. Magiczny Kraków (May 2012). "History of Kraków".Official website of the City of Kraków .

5. https://en.wikipedia.org/

6. http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005169

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