X Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2018

The problem of reducing biodiversity is often used to draw attention to environmental problems. It can be closely related to the health of ecosystems (for example, the loss of only one species can be manifested very differently - from the extinction of the species to the complete collapse of the ecosystem itself) and the health of mankind (food derived from natural products and raw materials for the preparation of medicines ). Today, as never before, there is a great threat to the existence of species and ecosystems. The disappearance of species caused by human activities continues at a threatening rate, as the present rate of extinction of species is the highest for the last 60 million years, since the disappearance of dinosaurs. According to the forecasts of studies conducted under the auspices of the United Nations, about 25% of the existing mammal species and about 12% of bird species should disappear in the next 30 years. Some scientists believe that due to the destruction several tens of thousands of species of tropical rain forests die out and disappear in the near future. In connection with the above facts, "Convention on Biological Diversity" was adopted in 1992. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the scientific community of Europe compelled governments to pay attention to the problem of preserving at least small areas of fauna. Then in all countries of the world reserves began to be created. In the world practice, there are cases when the creation of reserves on the contrary accelerated the extinction of the species. As the Turanian tiger disappeared from the face of the earth for 34 years after the opening of the Tigrovaya Balka reserve, the leopard in the territory of the Caucasian reserve disappeared for 24 years. In these cases, the animals persisted for some time outside the reserves. The time of existence of an endangered species has reduced the isolation of the reserved space. This same isolation can influence in another way, for example, such a danger as inbreeding. Due to this, the Przewalski horse was killed in the French reserve. However, the other side is also known: if the species is not restricted in the settlement space, the bioligical species can begin its population even with a dozen individuals. Only five individuals of muskrats brought to Europe gave rise to the population. Grizzly bears lived in the Yellowstone National Park. They have not disappeared, but scientists have noticed that for five generations, bears began to noticeably shrink. It is possible to draw an analogy: island forms of biospecies are always smaller than continental forms. For example, dwarf species of the rhino, buffalo are known on the islands of the Sunda archipelago, while even dwarf species of African fauna on the Mediterranean islands, [1-2].

It is necessary to restore local species of vegetation and protect the remaining natural areas that cannot be replaced by artificial plantations, which do not provide shelter and forage resources for settling animals [4]. In large cities in Europe over the past 300 years, the increase in the number of species of flowering plants due to introductions exceeds their level of disappearance [5]. In the process of aviary breeding during repatriation, the press by specialized predators is small, and the quantity and availability of feed is much higher. There the average life expectancy of birds and mammals grows, the success of reproduction during the season decreases, but the role of caring for the offspring and its survival increase, thereby the population size increases [6].

The scientific novelty of the project is the complex conduct of ecological monitoring of the current state of biodiversity of the region under investigation in solving problems of conservation and restoration of species of living organisms. The research work of this project is aimed at maintaining the biodiversity of the Turkestan region, preserving the evolutionarily formed natural environment, improving the ecological situation, introducing species whose numbers are being reduced due to their inordinate exploitation, creating a genetic database, preserving in-situ populations of domestic animals and crops, maintaining local populations in the initial conditions of occurrence and formation of rare species, breeds or forms.

The best strategy for long-term protection of biological diversity is to conserve natural communities and populations in the wild, i.e., in situ conservation. If the population is too small to survive the only way to prevent species extinction is to maintain a view under artificial conditions under the supervision of a person. This strategy is called ex situ. There are already a number of animals extinct in the wild, but preserved in captivity, for example the deer of David (Elaphurus davidianus). The beautiful tree of Franklin grows only in nurseries and no longer occurs in wild conditions [7].

Expected results:

a) the real state of the biodiversity of the Turkestan region will be assessed. As a result of environmental monitoring and laboratory studies, the causes of the negative effects on the state of flora and fauna will be revealed;

b) a strategy for the conservation of rare species will be based, aspects of preserving genetic diversity and genetic stability in animal populations will be described, small-scale aviary breeding of the relevant rare species for repatriation aimed at the restoration of disappeared species and the maintenance of fading and creation of new populations of rare species of animals will be organized;

c) geobotanical data will be collected to characterize vegetation at the level of phytocoenoses, diagnoses of ontogenetic conditions of woody plants will be given and ecologo-cenotic structures of plant communities will be compiled;

d) the database of the "electronic museum of biodiversity" will be developed, the prospect of biodiversity conservation in the region will be given, scientific works on introduction into the area under study will be carried out to preserve and restore various populations, a program on the attractiveness of biodiversity of the Turkestan region by tourists, which will improve the economic situation of this territory, will be created.

References

1. Ecology of Moscow and sustainable development. A course of lectures for the teacher / under the supervision of G.A. Yagodin. - Moscow: MIOO, 2007.

2. Ecology of Moscow and sustainable development / Ed. G.A. Yagodin. М .: МIOO, "Intellect-Center", 2008.

4. Avilova K.V. Problems and effects of the conjugate development of natural and technogenic systems: the scientific and applied aspects // Ecology and sustainable development of the city. Materials of the III International Conference on the "Ecopolis" program. Moscow: RAMS, 2000. pp. 120-122.

5. Sukopp, N., Trepl, L. Urban ecology - biological science and a new area of urban policy and planning (Stadtoekologie als biologische Wissenschalit und als politisch-planerisches Handlungsfeld) // Ecology and sustainable development of the city. Materials of international

conference on the program "Ecopolis". Moscow: RAMS, 2000. pp. 108-110.

6. Smurov A.V. Biological methods of habitat diagnostics // Environmental diagnostics (series "Security of Russia") / Pod. Ed. V.G., Klyuev. MGF "Knowledge". M .: Mechanical engineering, 2000. pp. 391-404.

7. http://pandia.ru

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