X Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2018

I am very fond of figure skating and I would like to tell you about this exciting kind of sports.

Figure skating - skating sport, refers to complex co-ordination sports. The main idea is to move an athlete or a pair of skaters on ice with changes in the direction of sliding and perform additional elements (rotations, jumps, combinations of steps, supports, etc.) to the music.Figure skating as a separate sport was formed in the 1860s and in 1871 was recognized at the I Congress of skaters. The first competitions took place in Vienna in 1882 among men of figure skaters.

In the years 1908 and 1920, figure skating competitions were held at the Summer Olympics; figure skating was the first of the winter sports, got into the Olympic program. Since 1924, figure skating has always been part of the program of the Winter Olympic Games.From 1886 until the present, official international figure skating competitions, such as the World Championship, European Championships, the Four Continents Championship and others are held under the auspices of the International Skating Union (ISU).

In figure skating, 5 disciplines are singled out: male single skating, women's singles, figure skating, sports dances and group synchronized skating. Group synchronous skating has not yet been included in the program of official competitions, for this type of figure skating is a separate world championship in synchronized skating.

Since 2014, the program of the Winter Olympic Games includes team competitions in figure skating.The first competitions in figure skating were held only among single men, female figure skaters were able to participate in the world championships only after 10 years. However, in 1901, under the pressure of the public, the ISU, by way of exception, allowed to participate in men's competitions to an English woman named Mej Sayers.

Officially, the first World Championship among women singles was held in late January 1906 in Davos (Switzerland). Mandatory figures for women and men were similar, but the arbitrary skating of women immediately attracted attention with high artistry, plasticity and musicality of movements.

We can say that the pair figure skating appeared immediately after the popularization of this sport. But officially the first competitions were held only in 1908 in St. Petersburg. German figure skaters Anna Hubler and Henry Burger went down in history as the first Olympic champions in pair skating.Such kind of figure skating as sports dances on ice arose in the late 1940s in the UK, and then spread around the world. In 1952, sports dances were included in the program of the world championships and Europe. For the first 10 years in all major international competitions, figure skaters of Great Britain won. The program of the Winter Olympic Games dances on ice were included since 1976. The first Olympic champions in ice dancing were Lyudmila Pakhomova and Alexander Gorshkov.

Synchronous figure skating is the newest discipline of figure skating. In the modern form, synchronous skating appeared in the 1960s in the USA, but the idea of ​​group skating appeared much earlier. For example, in Russia, group skating competitions (couples, fours, eights) were held back in the mid-1920s, but then this kind of popularity was not received. In the US, this form began to develop as entertainment for spectators in breaks of hockey matches. It turned out that synchronous skating is a very bright and interesting sport.

The first official competitions in synchronized figure skating were held in 1976 in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. In 1994, the ISU officially recognized the synchronized figure skating of the fifth discipline of figure skating. In 1996, the first World Cup in synchronous figure skating was held in Boston (USA). The first world championship under the auspices of the ISU was held in 2000 in Minneapolis. From the beginning of the competition, the leading positions are held by the teams of Sweden and Finland. This sport is most popular in Canada, USA, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, France.A skater in solo skating must demonstrate possession of all groups of elements - steps, spirals, backs, jumps. The higher the quality and complexity of the elements performed, the higher the level of the athlete. Important criteria are also the connection of the athlete's movement with music, plasticity, aesthetics and artistry.

Competitions in single skating are held in 2 stages: the first stage is a short-program, the second stage is an arbitrary program.The task of the athletes in pair skating is to demonstrate the ownership of the elements in order to create the impression of unity of action.

In pair skating along with traditional elements (stairs, spirals, jumps) there are elements that are performed only in this kind of figure skating: support, rotation, pushing, toes, joint and parallel rotation. An important criterion for paired athletes is the synchronization of the execution of elements.In pair skating, as in singles, competitions are held in two stages - short and free programs.In sports dances on ice, from a technical point of view, the main attention is paid to the joint execution of dance steps on standard and non-standard dance positions, and long separation of partners is not allowed. Unlike pair figure skating, there are no jumps, emissions, etc. in sports dances. Distinctive elements of pair figure skating.

In sports dances, an important component of success is the smoothness of the movements and attractive appearance of the pair, so much attention is paid to musical accompaniment and careful selection of costumes for each program of competitions. Due to this, sports dances are one of the most impressive trends in figure skating.

The modern program of official competitions includes 2 dances: short dance and optional.The team for synchronous skating has from 16 to 20 skaters. The team can include women and men. According to the rules of the ISU, the teams are divided into the following age groups: beginners (observance of the first and second categories of sports) - up to 15 years; juniors (candidates for master of sports) - 12-18 years; Senior (masters of sports) - 14 years and older.Neither technique, nor slip, nor the characteristics of individual elements in synchronized skating on classical figure skating are not different. But there is a specific specificity of riding in the team, which itself corrects the performance of the elements. The goal is to represent the team as a whole.

In synchronized skating, there are special mandatory elements, such as: circle, line, wheel, intersections, blocks. Prohibited movements: any support, jumping more than 1 queue, intersections, including spirals back, etc. Competitions for synchronized skating consist of a short and arbitrary program. All requirements for programs (general rules, special rules and technical rules) are specified and fixed in the provisions of the ISU for each season of the competition in figure skating.

In figure skating, you can select 4 basic, basic elements: steps, spirals, rotation and jumps. There are also a number of specific elements that can be performed in one kind of figure skating, for example, support, twist, emissions, todes in pair skating.

Steps are a combination of jerks and basic elements of riding - arcs, triples, banners, staples, hooks, potholes and loops, with which the skater moves around the site. Steps are used to join elements in the program. In addition, the step tracks are an indispensable part of the program. According to the current system of refereeing, there are 4 difficulty levels of tracks. A spiral is a position with one ice ridge and a free leg (including the knee and boot) above the thigh level. The positions of the spirals differ from each other by the sliding leg (right, left), the rib (outer, inner), the direction of sliding (forward, backward) and the position of the free leg (back, forward, to the side).In order for the spiral to be counted, you need to be in position for at least 7 seconds. They, as well as the footpaths, are assessed by four levels of difficulty. Curvature of the skid caused the appearance in the figure skating of a large number of very diverse rotations on the blade of one or two skates.There are rotations standing (for example, "slope"), rotation in the squat ("top") and rotation in the position of "swallow" (Libel).

The change of the foot in the execution of rotations and the change of position allows a combination of rotations to be performed. Jumps are divided into two groups - ribs and toes (denticles). Repulsion from the ice in the edge jumps occurs from the edge of the ridge, in the toes - by the thrust of the ridge toe. Now skaters perform 6 basic types of jumps - sheepskin coat, Salchow, rytberger, flip, lutz and axel. Salhov, rytberger, and axel belong to the edge jumps; sheepskin, flip and lutz - to the teeth. We are accustomed to seeing on TV a "sport of higher achievements", in which children often enter pre-schoolers, and a 30-year-old sportsman is considered a veteran. However, skates are a good exercise for older ages. As M. Khvostov wrote in 1926, accustomed to skating, but not wishing to aimlessly "reel in circles," there remains not such a big choice: running for speed, hockey, and practicing figure skating. Running and hockey are not interesting for everyone - that's why there are many people who are fond of figure skating (often hockey skates).There are unqualified competitions for former athletes and people who have mastered skates in adulthood. If there are not enough participants, men and women can have a common credit (the division goes according to the level of skating - for example, "pre-bronze" allows jumps to one turn, except lutz), if a lot - in addition to the level divided by age. Singles are usually divided into four or five groups, pairs - two or three. Singles and couples roll back one shortened program, dancers - two dances. In such competitions there are unusual disciplines - for example, dancing alone, improvisation (participants listen to music, after which they are given half an hour to create a program) or compulsory figures.

Literature:

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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