X Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2018

Computer technologies have been more intruding to real life. However there is a great dividing between reality and computer virtual reality. It is not easy to move one object from one plane to another one. Of course, if we speak about a text, pictures and other two-dimensional things so such exchange has been made by printers and scanners in a simple and quite ordinary way. Why do we need to take a three-dimensional model of something and make a real object out of it? But it’s evidently that there are enough spheres of using. However, the situation is much more complicated in the case of three-dimensional physical objects. Even the technologies that allow you to see a three-dimensional computer model in real volume can’t be common. But our society is very closed to a 3D revolution in production, advanced thought and 3D technologies are developing steps by steps, the areas of using are expanding and that’s why this boom will happen in the nearest future!

A 3D printer is a device using the method of creating a physical object based on a virtual 3D model. Objects printed by a 3D printer are appeared in 3 planes at once. The 3D model is built up level by level. That’s why this process is called rapid prototyping or 3D printing. 3D printing can be made in different ways and with using different materials, but each is based on the layer-by-layer creation principle of a firm object. The resolution of these printers is between 328 x 328 x 606 DPI (xyz) and 656 x 656 x 800 DPI (xyz). The accuracy is 0.025 mm - 0.05 mm. The size of the model is more than 737 mm x 1257 mm x 1504 mm. Even the technologies that allow us to see a three-dimensional computer model in real volume can’t be named really widespread (although they have already been at the level of users according the price and availability).

What is the purpose of creating 3d-printers? The first one and the most important is in the industry - mainly for rapid prototyping - to see how the model will look like in the material. According to the representative of the aerospace company Pratt & Whitney who said that "the price of developing a complex product can be really reduced if engineers are proposed to look at the real detail instead of dozens drawings." And also finished model can be tested in different ways until the final version of the product is ready.

Moreover, prototypes allow you make such tests, which you can’t do on a ready product. For example, Porsche used a transparent plastic model of the 911 GTI transmission to study the oil leaking during its development. However, the main thing is that this model can be made very quickly and at our high speeds time it is very important. Actually for these purposes, there is a whole industry of rapid prototyping (Rapid Prototyping - RP), which works at developing and using technologies of volumetric printing. However, not only prototypes at all. The next step is rapid production. Just now some RP technologies allow you make ready-made items from various materials. This is an ideal solution for a low-volume production because standard technology process makes it possible to make anything (with reasonable limits, of course) for short time. And some of the three-dimensional printing technologies allow you quickly produce forms for molding so further production process is already done. Truly, prices and availability (as well as the choice of materials) leave much to be desired.

3D printing can be made in different ways and with using different materials, but each is based on the layer-by-layer creation principle of a firm object. Two technologies are used to form layers:

1. Laser stereolithography - ultraviolet laser gradually and pixel by pixel shines the liquid photopolymer (a substance changing its contents under the light influence), or the photopolymer is shined by the ultraviolet lamp through a photomask which changing with a new layer. At the same time the liquid polymer firms and turns into a strong plastic.

2. Laser melting - the laser melts layer by layer a powder of metal or plastic, like to the contour of the future item.

3. Lamination – an item is made from a great quantity of working material layers, which are gradually putting on each other and glued together, while the laser is cutting out the section contour of the future item.

Inkjet 1. Material solidification during cooling - the dispensing head squeezes on the cooled platform-base drops of the heated thermoplastic. Drops quickly solidify and adhere to each other, forming layers of the future object.

2. Photopolymer plastics polymerization with an ultraviolet lamp’s action - the method is as similar as the previous one, but the plastic solidify by the ultraviolet action.

3. Bonding or sintering a powdery material is similar to laser sintering, but the powder base (sometimes based on 7 crushed paper or cellulose) is glued together with a liquid (sometimes adhesive) substance coming from the inkjet head. In this case you can color the item using different colors substances.

There are samples of 3D printers using inkjet print heads. 4. Thick ceramic mixtures are also used as a self-solidifying material for 3D printing of large architectural models.

For rapid prototyping, it means rapid prototyping of models and objects for further development. Even at the design stage, you can radically change the site’s construction or the whole object. In engineering, this way can reduce production expenses and develop new products. For fast production it’s producing ready parts from materials supported by 3D printers. This is an excellent solution for small-lot production.

Making models and forms for foundry production. The design of the transparent material allows you to see the mechanism working from "inner", which was used by Porsche engineers to study oil leaking in the car’s transmission during its development.

Different small things’ producing at home. Producing of complex, massive, durable and inexpensive systems. For example, Lockheed's Polecat unmanned aircraft, in which most details was created by using high-speed 3D printing. The University of Missouri’s developments shows the allowing to apply on a special bio-gel clumps of cells of a given type. This technology development is the growing of full-fledged organs. In medicine for prosthetics and implants production (fragments of the skeleton, skull, bones, cartilaginous tissue). There are experiments for printing donor organs. In Russia the Laboratory for Biotechnological Research 3D Bioprinting Solutions for which INVITRO company is co-investor and it has been working for more than 15 years in the Russian healthcare system, works to develop the technology of three-dimensional biopress from autologous stem cells and design of bioprinters. For the buildings and structures construction. For weapons creating. For producing the cases of experimental equipment (cars, telephones, radio-electronic equipment).

3D-printing technologies allow you to "overtake" the digital form, for example, "Mercedes", it can throw off its digital model to the other end of the world via the network, so that it can be printed in some quiet Moroccan courtyard little private house. News headlines such as "the latest model of" Mercedes " trickled into torrents" can become commonplace in the future. In advanced robotics, the 3D printing dominance is also noticeable, for example the famous robot AlphaDog is one-third consisted by parts printed on such a printer. 3D-factory in New York called Shapeways is the largest 3D-printing factory in the world at the moment, which is able to produce any mechanical device in less than a day (rocket engines described earlier). It is the world's largest manufacturer of products. As early as 7 years ago, digitized books were a great rarity, then it seemed that you can not survive in the real world without "real paper", but now any known book-work can be downloaded from the Internet. What will happen to the world further, when the former economy becomes impossible when it becomes possible to exchange digital things models and their exact prototypes, and then to embody them in metal with a single button click? Most likely, in some countries it will be prohibited ... Hundreds and thousands of people will become independent private producers, having became autonomous digital consumers.

Bibliography

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