IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Biotechnology appears with the connection of many science. That is why it’s development closely associated with the many areas of biology (biochemistry, genetics, Microbiology, molecular biology and e.а.) which has deep and also comprehensive studies based on scientific date. Genetic engineering is the branch of molecular biology. Achievements of genetic plays an important role for engineering, health, agriculture, biotechnology, microbiological industries and in solving more serious problems of practical importance. Great importance of genetic engineering for the treatment of hereditary diseases in the health sector. Nowadays, metabolism of the sick people more than 100 various of hereditary changes are detected. As a consequence, due to the specific genes mutation to be founded of changing proteins, enzymes or hormones. Then the healing for all diseases, a healthy change in the repair of mutant genes or gene ever needs to be replaced. For example, in the deseas of galactosemia depends on changing genes cells galactose - 1-phosphate uridyltransferase sitesleds moothes fine lines. In this regard, the human body can not absorb part of the milk sugar galactose. As a result, galactose accumulate in the cells of the liver and the brain and other organs. Therefore people may become blind and deaf or it can lead big changes in human body.

The total genotherapy helps to improve human health. In this case, human cells should be enough to restore normal gene activity. In 1971, Merrill and his colleagues reported about successfully completion of galoctosemia disease and the human genome in the cell therapy. They take galactosaminefibroblastoid human patients. Such a lack of ability of cells to metabolize galactose enzymatic synthesis.

To restore it, there galactosegene from E.сoli virus. The cells of bacteria, as well as the direction Gennhuman, when he began the inhibition of the enzyme synthesis of galactose. In the future, due to of genetic engineering success biotechnology and basic medicine, achieved income households, questions will certainly be addressed. In this regard,ther will appear of new plants, animals and microorganisms. Biochemical and genetic defects in others this was a special place of science in combating disease. The changing of chromosome or genes called Mutation.

For the changes of the genetic material belongs the genetic mutation with chromosomal mutation. It is called chromosomal changes or aberrations. In this case the structure of the karyotype chromosomes changes. Aberrations will be as intra-chromosome and interim chromosome. Intra-chromosome changes include: defishensiyais the lack of chromosome ends; deletion (image 1). Іs the falling and interrupting of part of chromosome; adoubling is the duplication of chromosome; inversion(іmage 2). Is the changing of the location of genes associated with rotating 180⁰degrees of the order of chromosome. For the interim chromosomal changes related the changing of non - homologous chromosomes that are another part of the chromosome, it is called translocation (іmage 3).

Image 1. Deletion

Image 2. Inversion

Image 3. Translocation

In chromosomal mutation transposition is located in a small part of the genetic material that has been the change in the family genes, has specific place. Transposition can be between non - homologous chromosomes or only in one chromosome already. Genomic mutation is the changes due to the number of chromosomes that appear volatility in the body characteristics and properties.

Polyploidy divides into three group by doubling of chromosome diploid (tow sets of chromosome), tetraploid (four sets of chromosome) and pentaploud (five sets of chromosome). Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes (іmage 4). Рolyploidy refers to a numerical changein a whole set of chromosomas. Therafore for evolution of selection heredity will be main changes.

Image 4. A relative of the board polyploidy

Aneuploidy might also be a factor in epigenetic remodeling in neoallopalyloids, either by altering the dosage of factors that are encoded by chromosomes that have greater or fewer than the expected number of copies leading to changes in umprinted loci, or by exposing unpaired chromation regions to epigenetic remodeling mechanisms. With many chromosomal mutations make a drugs, and can see by microscope. Сhromosomal and chromatidal mutations divided into: traslocation, inversion, deficiency, as a ring and ect.

Our bodies are made up of millions of cells. In each cell there are 46 chromosomes. The DNA in our chromosomes determines how we develop. Down syndrome is caused when there is an extra chromosomes in their cells instead of 46.They have an extra chromosome 21, which is why Down syndrome is also sometimes known as trisomy 21. Although we know how Down syndrome occurs, we do not yet know why it happens. Down syndrome occurs at conception, across all ethnic and social groups and to parents of all ages. It is nobody^’s fault. There is no cure and it does not go away. Down syndrome is the most common choromosome disorder that we know of. One of every 700-900 babies born worldwide will have Down syndrome population statistics. Down syndrome is not a new condition. People with Down syndrome have been recorded throughout history. People with Down syndrome have:

Some characteristic physical featuresome health and development challengessome level of intellectual disability. Because no two people are alike, each of these things will vary from one person to another. A test for Down syndrome can be carried out before a baby is born. Down syndrome is usually recognised at birth and is confirmed by a blood test. It was named after Dr John Langdon Down who first described it.

Genetics tasks:

1-task.When research the certain type of crown plants of cells divided by meiosis, IV and V chromosome shows it canmake a ring. How we can explain in a such unusual fight for chromosome?

Answer: This phenomenon translocation and reciprokty conducts between chromosomes IV and V so their homology of chromosome unchanged. The result, 1 meiosis consisting of four meiosis metaphase chromosome ring is formed.

2-task.Show of this chromosomeconjugation:

1^.2^.3 ^.6 ^.7 ^.8^. 9

-------------------

-------------------

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ( number shows genes).

Answer: Ther is no subject to deletion of the homojogous chromosomes IV and V genes. Therefore, unchanged in the normal chromosome there appears a knot. Only second part of chromosome can be exchange, and also can be exchange with the first -1-, 2- gene, second-6-, 7- ,8-.... gene.

1 2 3 6 7 8 9

--------- ------------ ---------

------------- ^{3 4 5}-------------

1 2 6 7 8 9

3-task.Thereis a deficiency one of the man sperm. The person who has of this chromosome will be disease. How may born of this man^`s descendants?

4-task.Achild with Down syndrome set of chromosome was 46 instead of being 47. As a result of cytogenetic researches 15^th of chromosome was longer than the normal. The child mother^`s set of chromosome was 15 chromosome longer than the normal?

5-task. If a person^`s zygote was more than a 21 chromosome, and child will born with Down syndrome. The woman with the same set of chromosomes, her 21 chromosomes and 15 chromosoma exposed to translocation, and what kind of zigota will be there if her husband was a normal case?

In conclusion, When We teach the puple to “biology course of genetic section” hereditary and variability can be associate with biotechnology process. And we have to teach genetic tasks with biotechnology version. For that we have to explain them products of biotechnology genetic engineering is important to use in practice for the mutation gene therapy treatment. The main field of molecular biology and molecular genetics associated with genetic engineering biotechnology.

Код для цитирования: Скопировать