IX Международная студенческая научная конференция Студенческий научный форум - 2017

Vologda is city in Russia, the administrative, cultural and scientific center of the Vologda region, the center of the Vologda region, which is not included, having the city of regional significance status and forming a city district city of Vologda.

Located 450 km from Moscow. The city's population - 312,686 people. (2016). Along with subordinates rural settlements Dairy, in the city district boundaries and a population of 320,605 people. (2016). The major transportation hub of North-West Russia.

Included in the number of cities that have particularly valuable historical heritage: in the city identified 224 monuments of history, architecture and culture; 128 of them were taken under state protection. Vologda is one of the largest cities in north-west Russia. Founding date is unknown, the first mention in the annals of accounts for 1147.

Versions of the origin of the name.

As for the basic version of the Finno-Ugric origin of the word. For the first time it put forward the Finnish philologists Joseph Julius Mikkola and Yalo Kalima at the beginning of the XX century, this same theory leaning and Russian scholar Yu Chaikin. According to this version, the word "Vologda" - Veps origin. Drevnevepsskoe valgeda (present-day vauged -. White) during normal last transmission between consenting via Russian -olo- led to the formation of the word "Vologda" - a river with a white (clear, clean) water. But perhaps more ancient origin: aware of other Finno-Ugric names Dvina basin in-when Thou,, hen (Vychegda, Kerogda) and the name of a foundation of an ox, (Volonga, ox, Volyuga, Volohtoma), which does not assume the title finally understood .

Versions of the Slavic origin of the name is most often associated with the origin of the word "portage". However, this version does not have serious support in science and is represented mainly in journalism and literature, in particular in the work Gilyarovskii "My wanderings."

Nowadays.

In November 1991, the city administration was created and launched the reform of local government. In October 1993, they were eliminated Soviets of People's deputies of all levels, including the city of Vologda. After the dissolution of the city council in the Vologda was instituted government of Vologda Council (6 members), the first elections which took place March 20, 1994. In December 1995, new elections were held in the Council of Government, the composition of which has been expanded to 30 deputies. July 25, 1996 was adopted by the fundamental law of the city - the Charter of the city of Vologda.

October 6, 1996 in Vologda, the first in the history of popular election of the Mayor, won by A. Yakunichev, who led the city until 2008. In 1999, the Council of Government of the city of Vologda was renamed the Vologda City Duma.

In 2003 in Vologda began construction of the ring road, which is already at the moment connects the highway A114, A119 and M8 (Arkhangelsk exit). August 25, 2005, in connection with the signing of the Federal Law № 131 "On general principles of local self-government in the Russian Federation", City Council approved the new charter of Vologda. However, despite the introduction of the deputies of more than 400 amendments and increase document volume by 2.5 times, significant changes compared with the city's Charter 1996 Charter 2005 did not contain. July 14, 2006 in Vologda was opened Fourteenth Appellate Court of the North-West Federal District (excluding St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region).

October 12, 2008 a new mayor was elected Evgeny Shulepov.

The climate.

Vologda is located in a zone of moderate -Continental climate, which is formed in a small amount of solar radiation in the winter, under the influence of the northern seas and intense western transfer, with relatively warm, short summers and long cold winters. Weather is unstable: there are winter thaw may be severe frosts in spring. Removal of warm sea air associated with the cyclones of the Atlantic, and the frequent incursions of Arctic air from the Arctic Ocean give greater instability in weather throughout the year.

Winter in the city long and moderately cold, lasts five and a half months. Spring and autumn cool, summer is warm, the coldest month is January, the warmest month - July. Rainfall over the summer and fall as rain.

The average annual temperature - +3,1 C °

Average annual wind speed - 3,0 m / s

The average annual air humidity - 80%

The culture.

Vologda - one of the cultural centers of the Russian North. Notable manifestations peculiar Vologda culture are civil wooden architecture (flourishing in the XIX century), Vologda lace (end of XIX - the whole XX century), a stone church architecture (flourishing - in the second half of XVII - beginning of XVIII century), iconography (the rise and most independent period - in the XV century) and book illustrations (1920s and 1970s).

Historically Vologda culture was formed as an amalgam of Novgorod (wooden architecture), Rostov and Moscow (stone church building and icon painting) traditions, while the role of the indigenous Finno-Finnish population is small and is manifested mainly in the toponymy and popular culture. In the Middle Ages through Vologda went to the North spread of Russian culture (including writing) and Christianity. Starting from the XVI century Vologda was a stronghold of the Moscow principality in the north and the conductor of the capital of culture. With the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg Vologda is strongly influenced by Western European culture. In the XIX - early XX century in Vologda went first newspaper (1838), opened the theater (1842), Public Library (1865), the Museum (1882), cinema (1903) and high school (1912).

In Soviet times, an increasing number of cultural and educational institutions, there were children's library and theater, opened Philharmonic (1944). City Council adopted the concept in 2009. "St. Petersburg - the cultural capital of the Russian North". In the 2000s, the city hosts numerous festivals: young European cinema, "the Voices", a theatrical concert "Voices of History" and "Summer in the Kremlin", Gavrilin musical, poetic, "Rubtsov's autumn" and others.

One of the main problems is the destruction of monuments of architecture, especially wooden, while the city loses its identity, historical value and tourist appeal. In 2011 Vologda was not included in the revised list of "historic cities."

The museums.

In Vologda, more than 10 museums and galleries. Most museums - branches of the Vologda museum-reserve (VGIAHMZ), which is one of the largest museums in all centers of the Russian North. On the territory of Bishops Court are the main exhibition, the most valuable - icons (with two icons of Dionysius) and arts and crafts.

Opened in 2010, the Museum is dedicated to the famous Vologda lace craft. Museum "Vologda at the turn of XIX-XX centuries" and "World of Forgotten Things", located in the wooden house, to recreate the life of pre-revolutionary Vologda. Diplomatic Corps Museum reveals little-known page of Russian history, telling about staying in the city of 11 foreign embassies and missions from February to July 1918, when because of the danger of capture by German forces in Petrograd Vologda became a "diplomatic capital" of Russia. Museum "Vologda link" is dedicated to the history of "podstolichnoy Siberia", as they called full Vologda political exiles in the second half of the XIX century. Two museums are dedicated to Vologda writers - of N. Rubtsov says the museum "Literature. Art. Century XX », but about KN Batyushkov - the house-museum of the poet.

Not far from the town is a museum of rural wooden architecture in the open air "Semyonkovo" with the Museum of Vologda butter. One of the few survivors of the Soviet era suburban estates Vologda - Pokrovskoye (28 km from the city), the family estate Bryanchaninovs nobility, where he spent his childhood St. Ignatius (Bryanchaninov) and restored in 2010, is a museum and a popular place of pilgrimage.

Theaters, concert hall, library.

The city has five professional theaters: Drama Theatre, Youth Theatre, Puppet Theatre "Teremok" Chamber Drama Theatre and the Children's Musical Theatre. Vologda Oblast Philharmonic (since 1999 - named after VA Gavrilin) ​​was founded in 1944 on the basis of the concert and Variety Office, and the foundation of the collective amounted evacuated from besieged Leningrad artists. January 4, 2012 Chamber Theatre got its specially adapted premises in the historic center of the city.

Every year Vologda awarded theater prize for the best male role (Prize Alexei Semenov) for Best Actress (Marina Prize Shuko) and for many years of sincere service to the children's audience (Prize Kira Osipova).

In Vologda operates several large regional libraries (Vologda Regional Universal Scientific Library named after IV Babushkin, Vologda Regional Youth Library named after VF Tendryakova and others), as well as the Centralized Library System of Vologda, which consists of 20 city libraries -filialov, including Central city library, Central children's library, 2 children's libraries, 4 family reading library, Center of the writer Vasily Belov, business information. Own library work in universities. In 2009 Vologda was declared the capital of the library, becoming the mistress of the Russian Library Congress (XIV Annual Conference of the Russian Library Association).

The sights.

Vologda has an interesting historical and architectural heritage. The historic look of the city has formed a harmonious combination of monuments of stone and wood architecture. Except destroyed during the Soviet era temples and rebuilt squares, historical buildings of the city center is preserved relatively well.

In Vologda, there are 193 monuments of architecture and history of federal significance. Among them: "Vologda Kremlin" (Bishops yard) with the expositions of the Vologda Museum-Preserve, St. Sophia Cathedral with frescoes and a viewing platform on the tower, Regional Art Gallery with the museum VT Shalamov and exhibition hall in the former Resurrection Cathedral, architectural ensembles of the Stone Bridge and Revolution Square, silhouette and panorama of the building along the river Vologda, compact preserved wooden buildings in the streets around the church area Zasodimskogo Varlaam Khutynsky and Elijah the Prophet, the church of the XVII century with frescos - St. John the Baptist in Roschene, Demetrios on Navolok Prilutsky and Intercession on Kozlёne.

Among Russian historical cities of Vologda occupies a special place in the number and importance of monuments of wooden architecture. In Vologda in the tree lists all major architectural styles of the late XVIII - early XX centuries - from classicism and Empire to Art Nouveau and rationalism, the main types of villas - the nobility, the merchants and burghers, a large number of tenement houses and wooden Soviet public buildings.

The Saviour Priluki Monastery - a working monastery, since 1993, entered the city limits of Vologda, a complex of monuments of architecture XVI-XVIII centuries, including the Cathedral of the Savior (1537-1542 years) and the Church of the Assumption, Moved from Alexander Kushtskogo monastery - the oldest surviving wooden steepled church in Russia (1st quarter of the XVI century). In the monastery, relics of its founder, St. Demetrius Prilutsky. Also in its territory is buried poet Konstantin Batyushkov.

In 2010, the Center opened folk arts and crafts "Carved palisade", a place where going to Vologda master, hosts various cultural events, as well as the exposition of Vologda crafts. Crafts House is located in the historic part of the city on a street in Zasodimskogo building from 1862.

In Vologda opened cultural center "Red Corner" Cultural Center located on the street Kozlenskaya, 2. 4 September 2013 it inaugurated the leading cultural figures of Vologda, city officials and the public.

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